Journal #15 Response to Sera De Vilder

In reading your response to what you would carry, I was able to relate to you in saying the same exact thing. Like you said, carrying photos of your family and friends would really help you get through the thought of war and really understand why you are there and who you are fighting for. What I thought was interesting that you brought up was also carrying a diary. I thought that this was interesting that you brought this up because in reading this story, this probably would've been a great thing for the soldiers to carry with them to express their emotions. I think a diary would've been helpful for me if i were to carry something just because it would be away to not only let out my emotions but something that if i were to still be alive, share it with my family so they could realize the sacrifice i made for them and the country as a whole. However, what I could not agree with you more on was carrying your faith along with you. As a catholic as well, I have always believed that having faith and hope will get you through some difficult times. I feel that this is something very important to carry along with you just because if you don't have faith in God and his angels, you wont have faith in yourself. I know from my dad's experience he told me that he had his pennant with him everyday and prayed everyday to help him get though the war. He said that if he probably didn't have faith in god, he probably wouldn't be here today. I feel like everyone in the war had to have some religious faith to get them though what they were going through, especially all the death and hardache they witnessed.

Border Patrol State

Ms. Silko,
Reading your arguments presented were very interesting to read. However though, I had to disagree with you in some aspects. Relating this to a personal story or experience, I have never felt the ways that you have felt when traveling within our borders. I felt it really interesting that you stated "Unfortunately, what happened to me is an everyday occurrence here now. Since the 1980s, on top of greatly expanding border checkpoints, the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Border Patrol have implemented policies that interfere with the rights of U.S. citizens to travel freely within our borders." I thought this was interesting just because I don't think that checkpoints and all interfere with our rights as citizens. However, I believe that these are done to actually protect us and catch those who aren't citizens and those who have committed crimes while being here in the United States.
I also thought that though your arguments were interesting, I felt that they were a little over dramatic when you stated, " I thought how easy it would be for the Border Patrol to shoot us and leave our bodies and car beside the highway, like so many bodies found in these parts and ascribed to drug runners." As having traveled through the same road as you, I felt that this was a little over exaggerated. In the many times I have traveled the same road, not once have I had the feeling that the border patrol would hurt us in any way. Yes, they do stop you at checkpoints, but they simply just ask you "are you an American citizen?" and let you go. Some might argue like yourself that the border patrol would only do this to non minorities but however, I am a minority as well and I still to this day have not endured the same situation as you have endured. Also, you also mentioned about the way individuals spoke and the accents they had that could be the cause of their detainment. This was one more comment that I had to disagree on due to the fact that my dad has a slight accent and not once have we been racially profiled nor detained at a checkpoint. In your writing, I understood every argument that you made. Like I said before, you made some very key points in your writings but for the most part I would have to agree with you. I realize times have changed, so that may be a factor in our disagreeing as well.

"The Things they Carried"

In reading the background as to what this writing was/is about, what would've automatically came to my mind was to carry a gun. Thinking back, Vietnam was a dangerous place to be and it is considered one of the deadliest wars we have ever faced as a nation. However, reading this writing by O'Brien, made me actually feel what they went through and changed my first thought about what I would carry with me.
Throughout the beginning of the reading, it describes all the materials the men had carried with them. "Among the necessities or near-necessities were P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent.." (pg 1459). Though these could be seen as important items to hold with you, I would probably carry photographs and letters as well, just like Lieutenant Jimmy Cross. In reading, I was able to grasp the feeling he had had with the possession of the photos of Martha. In describing the photos, it showed that there was much meaning towards her and so much love that actually aided him in his efforts to stay alive while fighting in the war. Because understanding the issue that you might/might not come home, I think, that this was a way of coping his feelings and living the happy aspect of his life through mementos such as photographs. Not only do the photographs provide this, but letters as well. I would carry both just because in reading his feelings and reactions, i feel, that having these objects would help me continue fighting. In looking at the meaning, Martha's letters, her presence, every aspect about her, kept Cross going each day. I think that maybe if he didn't have these tokens of her, I don't think that he would've been able to continue in living each day.

Zitkala-Sa's American Dream

Zitkala-Sa's writings have so much meaning as the reader is able to live her life through the readings. In beginning to read the reading, I was able to grasp what she under went through much hard ache to obtain the American Dream she yearned for. In the first couple of sections, she describes her difficulties she under went, which therefore leads readers to believe that her American Dream was taken away from her. "I cried aloud, shaking my head all the while until I felt the cold blades of the scissors against my neck, and heard them gnaw off one of my thick braids. Then I lost my spirit." (pg. 431) This sentence really stood out to me in analyzing her text. It shows that under going hardships, losing what she had before, and adapting to a new culture and following higher authorities leads to obtaining an American Dream. Later on, she was able to learn how to speak a more amount of English than she did before, which therefore, was a positive outlook. In writing her piece of literature, she discusses what needed to be done before acquiring that American Dream. Discussing hardships and going into detail on what was felt and endured tells the reader that it required tears and sweat. 
This text, in general, shows the life of many in incurring the American dream. In the end, "At the close of this second term of three years I was the proud owner of my first diploma. The following autumn I ventured upon a college career against my mother's will" (pg 437). This text was very important in the fact that this was against her mother's will and what she believed what was right for her. In being away for years and adapting to another culture, thus getting rid of your original, you start to change for the better and realize that where you originally stood, would've never gotten you closer to your American Dream. This nonetheless, shows the differences of American Dreams; In the mother's perspective, her American dream was taken away from her by being taken from her while her American dream was accomplished through obtaining a degree. 

HAWAII'S STORY BY HAWAII'S QUEEN

"But I was destined to grow up away from the house of my parents. Immediately after my birth I was wrapped in the finest soft tapa cloth, and taken to the house of another chief, by whom I was adopted."

This quote from the first chapter stood out in regards to the context used when describing her memories at birth. Using descriptive words such as "finest soft tapa cloth" indicates foreshadowing relating to future wealth and royalty to be obtained and this idea of importance incurred before even declared. However, the overall language starting from "but i was destined to grow up away.." to the end "by whom I was adopted" encodes this message of higher significance and a clear stated sign of dominance, which sends the message across to the reader the idea of the "I wear the pants"concept, that she is a person of self-diligence and leadership abilities, as well as becoming future leader and acquiring nothing but the best either for her or for the best of the future of others.

Blog #12: Imperialism

Write 300-500 words about IMPERIALISM. What has shocked, surprised, or distressed you? What was weird or strange? Reflect on anything about readings on IMPERIALISM (for Nov. 1 & 3), showing how your thoughts changed or expanded.


     In discussing imperialism, what automatically came to my mind was colonial times. In our previous readings from the beginning of the semester, we discussed Christopher Columbus and the idea of the Native Americans "needing help or aid". This need turned into other individuals coming in and changing what was already established or reinforcing that "the found this land first." So, when learning about imperialism in class, I immediately thought about what was said prior. The thought of imperialism has to do with the idea of influencing other countries to basically follow what we believe in. With that being said, what happened with the Native Americans and assimilation is exactly what is happening with this idea of imperialism in the late 1800s. 
     In analyzing the picture in class today, a lot of things came into mind. The photo that was in The Journal, Detroit shows a man (U.S. soldier) carrying what it looks like a native of a country up the hill to a school house. In analyzing this, it basically shows the U.S. forcing the people of whatever country to do what we basically want them to do. The pictures shows force, as the man is carrying him up, and also shows a ship in the background which shows that the U.S. in a way occupied the country which adds to the force. This picture really brought some interesting questions to the table, and really made me think back to our previous discussions. In thinking about this, someone brought up the point in class that this is still occurring now which i definitely agree with. In looking at current events especially in the middle east, one can really see this occurring. Though at times it could be the best for the country, other times it can be seen in a negative aspect. Just looking at the situation, it seems as if the U.S is going back to colonial times when the Europeans did the same. If you look at it, is this really the direction we should be going in? I found these readings very interesting and easy to relate to with current times. 

Blog #11

In reading Pauline Hopkins' “As the Lord Lives, He Is One of Our Mother’s Children”  and Claude McKay's poems, I was able to realize the social changes in the United States after the Civil war. Though there were positive changes in reference to African Americans gaining little rights, lynching became a big problem facing this minority group. When we look at change, we see positive but then as soon as it grows, it gets beaten to the ground in this case. What was so hard for me to understand and maybe this goes along with a perplexing question is that though they were given rights, how was lynching to be able to take place.
In the reading "As the Lord Lives, He is One of Our Mother's Children," lynching was brought to this small town and many whites went after black men in jail first and were to lynch them in front of the crowd. "They only way you can teach these niggers a lesson is to go to the jail and lynch these men as an object lesson. String them up! That is the only thing to do" (pg 245). However, Rev. Stevens discovered a black man who can pass off as a white male hiding from being lynched. In the end, however, the individual is lynched though the true murderer had been caught and he was innocent. While reading this, it brought many questions in regards to freedom and the American dream. The same idea came to mind when reading the poems by Claude McKay. "If we must die, o let us nobly die. So that our precious blood may not be shed."  The reason the Civil War was fought was primarily in reference to slavery. After, they were gained extra rights and many would think that this would be it. However, things changed dramatically when the idea of lynching came about. Due to the fact that many whites feared that blacks would now become a threat, they referred to this as a way to deal with the problem. In tying it all together, the question still comes up to how this was even seen as something right politically and morally. If they had gained rights, what's there to be in fear of? How is lynching solving a purpose and how does it correspond with what was written in the Constitution? 

The Aha Moment

In reading both Frances EW Harper's poem, "Learning to Read" and Charles W. Chesnutt's short story, "The Wife of his Youth", I cam to realize the message of both of the writings. While reading, I realized that both of them talked about slavery and how the African Americans try to become something of themselves, proving better of the white Americans. Both texts represent a sense of "independence" and showing to others that they are no longer going to sit around and watch but make an impact and capture this American Dream that we have previously talked about. In reading "Learning to Read", I got the sense of that underlying message. The quote from the poem, "Our masters always tried to hide, book learning from our eyes; Knowledge did’nt agree with slavery—’Twould make us all too wise. But some of us would try to steal a little from the book. And put the words together,And learn by hook or crook" is one example of showing detachment from their white slave owners and really setting forth their goals. Teaching themselves to read even though it was prohibited showed that African Americans no longer had a fear of their White slave holders anymore and were willing to do whatever it takes. However, by these sorts of actions taken by these African Americans, a sense of fear starts to overcome the white Americans. 
Both readings talk about this aspect of African Americans and their being in the United States at this time. In "The Wife of his Youth", explained the same message as well; become something better as an emancipated slave. I thought that both readings were very insightful and really laid the ground work for class discussions in this sense of overcoming of the barriers and what this may cause in regards to the reactions of the white Americans. 

Contemporary Connection

In stating the connection between today and that of the time of the late 1800s to the early 1900s, politics would be one connection made. In reading the first couple of pages of the reading, I instantly made a connection between the two time periods. After the civil war, many changes were made politically. With the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, individuals were provided rights to all qualified adult males, regardless of race or previous condition of servitude (pg 6). By this, the amendment enable African American men to participate fully in the political process, both as voters and as representatives on the state and national level and several African Americans were consequently elected to Congress (pg. 6). In reading this, I made the obvious connection to president Obama's election. Before elected, African Americans have been underrepresented in politics in both House and Congress. In electing an African American president, it got rid of the underrepresentation of African Americans since now an African American is the Commander in Chief and leader of the country. It shows that after the civil war, change was needed as a country to grow and come out of this time period in which the country was divided between North and South. In current times, the same situation was needed in which change was needed within a political aspect and bringing someone new and fresh to the arena created some sort of hope in which people needed after the economic downfall and tragedy of 9/11.
In addition, another political connection was noted between the two different time periods. The withdrawal of the troops, which had been deployed to ensure free elections and to protect black populations from attacks by whites who were determined to retain political power in the South, delivered a fatal blow to the civil rights and political aspirations of African Americans (pg 7). I used this example to make a connection between  the two due to the fact that it reminded me of the involvement of US troops in Afghanistan. With the announcement from President Obama to withdrawl the troops from Afghanistan, many would probably feel the same as what the African Americans felt at that time.
The last connection I made was the economic situations of both times. Immigration and rapid industrialization also generated growing conflicts between labor and corporations, or trusts, controlled by a few wealthy men. During what historians called the "Guilded Age", industrialists amassed huge fortunes through cutthroat business practices and exploitation of labor. The flood of immigrants created a massive surplus of labor in the United States where wages further declined during the depressions following the financial panics of 1873, 1884, and 1893 (pg 18). I felt that this was similar to current times when industrialists or banks did the same to other corporations in regards to the housing market which caused part of the economic downfall in recent years. With the increasing flow of immigration to the Unite States currently, many would consider this time period to be the time period of the late 1800s-1900s.

Speech/Writings of Brown and Garnet

     The two texts chosen to be analyzed were that of John Brown and Henry Garnet in which they seemed to be in conversation with each other. Both speeches by the two individuals involved the issue involving slavery and how it is unjust. In addition, both speeches don't disagree with each other but agree on their issue being made. In Brown's speech, Brown argues his belief in the freedom of slaves which he was known before to be apart of the pro slavery militia for control of the Kansas Territory (356). However, he argues before others that he has done the right thing. "The New Testament, which teaches me that all things whatsoever I would that men should do to me, I should do even so to them. It teaches me further to remember them that are in bonds as bound with them" (1358). This statement made before his decision made upon his life is pretty powerful in the respect that he uses religious quotes to serve as a way to bring justice upon the lives lost. In regards to the American Dream, this speech serves as an action that because you help slaves, you loose your freedom in which he feels that should not be allowed but accepts in the end.
      In Garnet's speech, he touches upon the issue of slavery and the injustice populations in American society is facing leading into the unsuccessful gain of the so called American dream. Garnet makes statements such as "He shall be equal before the law, and shall be left to make his own way in the social walks of life" (1376) and "We ask for no special favors, but we plead for justice" (1378) which heavily goes along the lines of a call to end slavery and that the American dream has seemed to be no where to be found or basically "taken away from those who should not be allowed to have it."
     In looking at which author happened to be most persuasive, I would go along the lines of Garnet's speech. In the reading, Garnet brought many powerful arguments to the table in which sent a powerful message to consider to put an end to the slavery crisis and restore the American dream within our culture/society. Garnet seems to even ask questions throughout the reading such as "The great day of the nation's judgement has come, and who will be able to stand?" (1377) which allows for a form of thought for the reader. 19th century readers would be persuaded by such writers/ speakers through relating to them. Most readers who read these forms of writing tend to read with the intent of relating to the writer and maybe gain some inspirations or ideas to maybe change their thought process or their forms of actions. In forms of geography, readers who read writings from writers from different geographical locations would lean towards those from their neck of the woods than somewhere they aren't too fawn of. (ex: north readers reading authors from the north, etc). If an individual who lives in the south read an authors speech or writing that advocated the release or end of slavery, he would probably disagree rather than a southerner reading that same writing or speech given. 

Imagery in Harper and Whittier

Imagery was used in both Harper and Whittier's poems. In reading Harper's "The Slave Mother", many lines of imagery was used. This poem describes a mother being separated from her son due to slavery and the tossing back and forth to multiple slave owners. From lines, 5- 9, Harper states: 
"Saw you those hands so sadly clasped
The bowed and feedble head
The shuddering of that fragile form
That look of grief and dread?"
This stanza stood out to me the most due to the fact that it provided visuals to the reader and makes the reader feel how the character feels. The description Harper uses reflects what slave women had to endure and the emotional pain one had to undergo. In addition, Harper uses continual imagery with the stanza stating:
"He is not hers, for cruel hands
May rudely tear apart
The only wreath of household love
That binds her breaking heart."
In reading his, Harper describes the scene of a child being taken away from a mother or parent during the transition of slave owners. It shows a clear visual of not only emotion but physical pain of the separation of a family. 
Imagery in this particular poem provides detail that one can gain emotions from in just one read. While reading Harper's poem, you are automatically drawn to the words of imagery and can feel or understand what the character is going through in regaurds to slavery. 

Race and Culture

In both readings, the characters were definitely caught between cultures. In Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, she describes how difficult for an African American woman to live in society at that time. Jacob's describes the slave girl's sister going through "misery and degradation being forced to suffer in slavery." In addition, she goes on to say "Mortified and tormented beyond endurance, this child came and threw herself on her mother's bosom, the only place where she could seek refuge from her persecutor; and yet she could not protect her child that she bore into the world" (Jacobs 766). Jacob later discusses in the reading how even her mother was punished for taking or trying to protect her daughter from this injustice stating "My mother was dragged to jail, there remained twenty-five days, with negro traders to come in as they liked to examine her, as she was offered for sale." In describing how African American slaves were treated really shows how it was hard to adapt to the American culture. In the case of the Native Americans, they were in a way forced to adapt to the American culture and believe in the American dream; Wearing clothing, listening to the white settlers, etc. However, in the case of the African Americans, it was a sense of fear as to "if we don't like what they are doing to us, we can't really do anything about it because punishment would be involved." In Jacob's writing, she explains how she doesn't write this to gain sympathy or anything to that extent but she states, "But I do earnestly desire to arouse the women of the North to a realizing sense of the condition of two millions of women at the South, still in bondage, suffering what i suffered, and most of them far worst" (Jacobs 769). In Jacobs stating this, it really shows the problem between the two cultures: one was more dominant than the other and harder for the less dominant to gain a voice in this country. In being a slave, slaves had no rights given to them and seemed to be considered "worthless" in the eyes of the white American. 


In Child's The Quadroons, the characters portrayed are definitely represented by being caught between cultures. From the beginning of the reading, Child's describes Rosalie having a better than usual life as a slave. Rosalie, though a slave, had a very wealthy owner and was not mistreated as most slaves were (like in Jacobs' account). However, being in love with another slave name Edward turned into a spiral when things could not work out between them due to the fact that they were slaves. In having a daughter, they were not allowed to officially be declared married, so things between the couple ended. In Child's reading she states "What would be the destiny of this fascinating young creature, so radiant with life and beauty? She belonged to a proscribed race; and though the brown color on her soft cheek was scarcely deeper than the sunny side of a golden pear, yet was it sufficient to exclude her from virtuous society." I felt this quote to be sufficient evidence to state that society had looked down upon many African American slaves. This quote shows the uncertainties many had, thinking about the future of their children and what would life be like for them. Would they have to face the injustice and torture they endured?

Both readings show conflict the characters felt in society due to their race. In Jacobs' writing, she lived in fear most of her life, enduring the worst from society. The reading shows that as an African American, you had no voice at all in this country. If you were to be beaten or treated unfairly, there was no way out. In Child's reading, it shows how society looked down upon the African American slaves, disregarding their rights as human beings and what was to happen in the future.

Apress and Sigourney's Theme

     In reading both Apess' and Sigourney's writings, the central theme that came across was civil rights for classes or cultures of society, focusing on Native Americans. In "An Indian's Looking-Glass for the White Man" Apress brings some very valuable information to the table in regaurds to Native American rights. In the beginning, Apress states, "Now I ask if degradation has not been heaped long enough upon the Indians? And if so, can there not be a compromise? Is it right to hold and promote prejudices? If not, why not put them all away?"(Apress 641) Apress is asking questions as to why is this happening and what is the reason for this, also leading up to some of his final thoughts. Apress also asks the question, "Can you charge the indians with robbing a nation almost of their whole continent, and murdering their women and children, and then depriving the remainder of their lawful rights, that nature and God require them to have? and to cap the climax, rob another nation to till their grounds and welter our their days under the lash with hunger and fatigue under the scorching rays of the burning sun?" (Apress 642) Apress brings up the point leading back to day one of our readings when we discussed who was actually here first. In addition, he points out that the Indians have endured much since the Englishman have been there and turns it around asking if the Indians have done that to their own people.
      Just like Apress, Sigourney has the same theme dealing with rights among different cultures or societies. In her biography, "Signourney was a popular poet who used conventional forms, writing elegies to honor dead friends and lyrics about nature. But she also wrote about social and political problems in the United States" (Signourney 1204).In her poem "Indian Names, Signourney has the same message as Apress, stating about the mistreatment of the Native Americans. She describes how the Indians are no longer present due to the Englishmen basically cutting them away from society. In describing their non presence, Signourney states, " Ye say, they all have passed away, that noble race and brave, that their light canoes have vanished from off the crested wave" (Signourney 1204). In ending, she clearly takes a stab at the Englishmen by stating, "Monadnock on this forehead hoar doth steal the sacred trust, your mountains build their monument, though ye destroy their dust" (Signourney 1205). In both pieces of writing, both writers make clear that the Indians have a ways to gain their rights of individuals. Both analyze their struggles on this land and once they had had everything, it was abruptly taken away.

The Tenth of January

Style, in modern writing, represents tone or language of the writing the author presents. In reading The Tenth of January, the style of writing tends to be solemn and a bit depressing. Starting from the beginning, the reader senses sadness when the author describes the city of Lawrence and the people presiding. "For simooms that scorch you and tempests that freeze; for sand-heaps and sand-hillocks and-roads; for men digging sand, for women shaking off sand, for minute boys crawling in sand; for sand in the church-slips and the gingerbread-windows, for sand in your eyes, your nose, your mouth, down your neck, up your sleeves, under your chignon, down your throat; for unexpected corners where tornadoes lie in wait" (Phelps 1). In reading the description, you can, as the reader, feel what the town is made of and how people feel; people's sense of emotions. In reading along, the author describes Aseneth who is a struggling young women for perfection in other peoples eyes. The author goes on to describe her as "her neck and shoulders were closely muffled" (Phelps 2). From the descriptions of the city and the people along with it's main character, the author makes it a slightly sad read just because reading about a character undergoing harsh judgement and other problems creates sympathy among the reader.

Irving's "The Wife"

In reading the "The Wife" by Irving, Irving describes a couple during the time period facing hardships and relates it back to the time and the endurance one faces in being an American. What I had understood from the reading was the different roles than man had in the relationship between England and America. In today's time versus the time this story was written, the roles were significantly different. While in one country the man was to be the provider and if he could not hold his family together and provide for them, society would look down upon him. However, in the other country (America), it wasn't so bad if something were to happen where providing for the family became difficult. In Irving's story, he basically send the picture that economic status meant a lot during that time as described above. As far as marriage, if this couldn't be lived up, it would be hard for the man to let his wife know what they are dealing with. In the story, Leslie was a tad ashamed of the hardships they were facing and found it difficult to inform his wife about what was going on. Even so, women, as portrayed in this story, showed compassion for their husbands and actually held their head up when situations like this came upon them.

Reader Response

In our last discussion, we had talked about Christopher Columbus' letter and Rose Murray's "Puritain Woman". I found it to be very interesting reading or discussing Columbus' letter just because it was my first time even reading his letter or even hearing of it. It was very interesting what he had stated in his letter and what the meaning or purpose was behind it. In elementary and in high school, we were always made to believe that Christopher Columbus was a very important figure in discovery. However, it kind of doesn't seem so. Yes, he did set sail and discover, but he discovered what was already discovered. It was interesting to realize that most discovers wrote letters to prove that they "discovered"land and bring it back to the head of their country. Realizing this along with learning that he even brought indians back home with him to Spain in order to verify his discovery was very shocking or eye opening. Our discussion in class really opened my eyes in really learning our "discovers" and their reasons behind sailing to our country.

Also, our discussion of Pocahontas really was interesting to me. As a child, my favorite movie was Pocahontas. Literally, everything I had was from the movie. I thought she was so pretty and I could watch the movie over and over again! As years went on and we starting discussing her life in high school, I realized that Pocahontas was different from that of Disney. Disney portrayed her as this young, spirited, open minded individual. But when reading more about her, it would seem that she was opposite. I found it interesting how we grew up knowing this individual in the movie but then later discovering who she really was, who she represented, and how her appearance was far from different.

What is An American?

In reading the following poems and literature regarding American identity, it has brought many answers to my attention. When I had looked into what it means to be an American, I came up with the typical definitions of freedom, equality, liberty, etc. However, my definition of American identity was challenged. After reading the different pieces of literature, especially the first one which talked about Englishman and how they were Americans really brought in a light to my analysis. By the authors' remarks, it made me understand what being an American truly meant to individuals back to the 1700's versus late 1800's. In reading Hughes' take on Americanism, I felt it corresponded with my idea of Americanism on how individuals have to work hard in order to receive what they deserve. Coming from an individual who stood along the lines on inequality and frustration, really opened my eyes and viewed what Americanism truly is. After reading Hughes' poem, it also made me realize that Americanism isn't just about working hard to accomplish freedom, but knowing how to accomplish that freedom. Both pieces of literature brought up great main ideas and really looking deeper into the first reading made me realize the flaws in that piece of literature and how it poorly describes what it means to be American versus Hughes' take on Americanism.